Plato

Socratic paradox: No one is willingly bad and that people do wrong because they have not the knowledge to do right, which is virtue.

Counter argument to Socratic paradox: Every man believes that injustice is much more profitable to himself than justice.

Mill’s utilitarianism

1.  Actions are right in proportion to how much happiness they create and wrong in proportion to how much misery they bring about
2.  Self-sacrifice is the highest virtue if it brings about the happiness of others.
3. Only an act done from duty has moral worth
   1. To be beneficent  is a duty but it has no true moral worth unless the act is performed without any inclination at all, but solely from duty
   2. To secure one’s own happiness is a duty if there is no inclination involved and therefore has true moral worth
   3. The moral worth of an act is not based on the consequences of the act
   4. The moral worth of an act comes from the agent’s respect for the Law
      1. Duty is the necessity of an action done out of respect for the law

Kant’s Teachings

Hypothetical imperative: An act is good for some purpose, either possible or actual

Categorical imperative: Act as if the maxim (rule of personal conduct) of your action were to become through your will, a universal law of nature.